Clinical Pathways
Clinical Pathways
No anticipated ongoing significant postprocedure pain control
No anticipated ongoing significant postprocedure pain control

No anticipated ongoing significant postprocedure pain control

View The Full Pathway

Action

Use short-acting local anesthetic (eg, lidocaine, mepivacaine, chloroprocaine)

Decision

High-volume block planned?

(approaching max safe dose or >10 mL)

Background

image

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References
  1. Weingarten L, Kircher J, Drendel AL, et al. A survey of children’s perspectives on pain management in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2014;47(3):268-276. (Survey)
  2. American College of Emergency Physicians. Point-of-care ultrasonography by pediatric emergency medicine physicians. Accessed April 1, 2022. (Policy statement)
  3. Scientific American. How does anesthesia work? Accessed April 1, 2022. (Magazine article)
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  5. Walker BJ, Noonan KJ, Bosenberg AT. Evolving compartment syndrome not masked by a continuous peripheral nerve block: evidence-based case management. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(4):393-397. (Case report and review)
  6. Tran AA, Lee D, Fassihi SC, et al. A systematic review of the effect of regional anesthesia on diagnosis and management of acute compartment syndrome in long bone fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020;46(6):1281-1290. (Systematic review; 6 articles)
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  8. Frenkel O, Mansour K, Fischer JWJ. Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block for pain control in an infant with a femur fracture due to nonaccidental trauma. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(2):183-184. (Case report)
  9. Gunter JB. Benefit and risks of local anesthetics in infants and children. Paediatr Drugs.2002;4(10):649-672. (Review)
  10. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Fettiplace MR, et al. The third American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: executive summary 2017. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(2):113-123. (Practice advisory) DOI: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000720
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  18. Denkler K. A comprehensive review of epinephrine in the finger: to do or not to do. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108(1):114-124. (Systematic review)
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  20. Hewson DW, Bedforth NM, Hardman JG. Peripheral nerve injury arising in anaesthesia practice. Anaesthesia. 2018;73(S1):51-60. (Review)
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  29. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Brull R, et al. The second ASRA practice advisory on neurologic complications associated with regional anesthesia and pain medicine: executive summary 2015. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40(5):401-430. (Executive summary)
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  31. Dufour E, Jaziri S, Novillo MA, et al. A randomized trial to determine the minimum effective lidocaine volume for median nerve block using hydrodissection. Sci Rep.2022;12(1):52. (Randomized controlled trial; 52 patients)
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  35. Mak PH, Irwin MG, Ooi CG, et al. Incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis following supraclavicular brachial plexus block and its effect on pulmonary function. Anaesthesia.2001;56(4):352-356. (Prospective; 30 patients)
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  46. Reid N, Stella J, Ryan M, et al. Use of ultrasound to facilitate accurate femoral nerve block in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas. 2009;21(2):124-130. (Prospective; 67 patients, 12 pediatric)
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  51. Chu RSL, Browne GJ, Cheng NG, et al. Femoral nerve block for femoral shaft fractures in a paediatric emergency department: can it be done better? Eur J Emerg Med.2003;10(4):258-263. (Retrospective; 117 patients)
  52. Turner AL, Stevenson MD, Cross KP. Impact of ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30(4):227-229. (Retrospective; 81 patients) DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000101
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  56. Neubrand TL, Roswell K, Deakyne S, et al. Fascia iliaca compartment nerve block versus systemic pain control for acute femur fractures in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30(7):469-473. (Retrospective; 259 patients)
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  58. Eastburn E, Hernandez MA, Boretsky K. Technical success of the ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block in older children and adolescents for hip arthroscopy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2017;27(11):1120-1124. (Retrospective; 17 patients)
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  61. Herring AA, Stone MB, Fischer J, et al. Ultrasound-guided distal popliteal sciatic nerve block for ED anesthesia. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(6):697.e693-697.e695. (Case series; 4 patients)
  62. Cisewski DH, Alerhand S. ‘SCALD-ED’ block: superficial cutaneous anesthesia in a lateral leg distribution within the emergency department – a case series. J Emerg Med.2019;56(3):282-287. (Case series)
  63. Mori T, Hagiwara Y. Ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block for an ankle laceration in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017;33(12):803-805. (Case report)
  64. Perlas A, Niazi A, McCartney C, et al. The sensitivity of motor response to nerve stimulation and paresthesia for nerve localization as evaluated by ultrasound. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31(5):445-450. (Prospective observational trial; 102 patients)
  65. van Geffen GJ, van den Broek E, Braak GJJ, et al. A prospective randomised controlled trial of ultrasound guided versus nerve stimulation guided distal sciatic nerve block at the popliteal fossa. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2009;37(1):32-37. (Randomized controlled trial; 40 patients)
  66. Reinoso-Barbero F, Saavedra B, Segura-Grau E, et al. Anatomical comparison of sciatic nerves between adults and newborns: clinical implications for ultrasound guided block. J Anat. 2014;224(2):108-112. (Anatomy cadaver study)
  67. Schmidt AH. Acute compartment syndrome. Injury. 2017;48:S22-S25. (Review)
  68. Soares LG, Brull R, Chan VW. Teaching an old block a new trick: ultrasound-guided posterior tibial nerve block: letters to the editor. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.2008;52(3):446-447. (Letter to the editor)
  69. Redborg KE, Antonakakis JG, Beach ML, et al. Ultrasound improves the success rate of a tibial nerve block at the ankle. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34(3):256-260. (Randomized controlled trial; 18 patients)
  70. Blanco R, Parras T, McDonnell JG, et al. Serratus plane block: a novel ultrasound-guided thoracic wall nerve block. Anaesthesia. 2013;68(11):1107-1113. (Prospective descriptive study; 4 volunteers)
  71. Paul S, Bhoi SK, Sinha TP, et al. Ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block for rib fracture-associated pain management in emergency department. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2020;13(3):208-212. (Case series; 10 patients)
  72. Mahmoud S, Miraflor E, Martin D, et al. Ultrasound-guided transverse abdominis plane block for ED appendicitis pain control. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(4):740-743. (Case series; 3 patients)
  73. Forero M, Adhikary SD, Lopez H, et al. The erector spinae plane block: a novel analgesic technique in thoracic neuropathic pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41(5):621-627. (Case series; 2 patients)
  74. Durant E, Dixon B, Luftig J, et al. Ultrasound-guided serratus plane block for ED rib fracture pain control. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(1):197.e193-e197. (Case report)
  75. Luftig J, Mantuani D, Herring AA, et al. Successful emergency pain control for posterior rib fractures with ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block. Am J Emerg Med.2018;36(8):1391-1396. (Case series)
  76. Abdelhamid K, ElHawary H, Turner JP. The use of the erector spinae plane block to decrease pain and opioid consumption in the emergency department: a literature review. J Emerg Med. 2020;58(4):603-609. (Comprehensive review; 10 studies)
  77. Tekin E, Ahiskalioglu A, Aydin ME, et al. High-thoracic ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for acute herpes zoster pain management in emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(2):e371-e375. (Case report)
  78. Mantuani D, Luftig J, Herring A, et al. A novel technique to reduce reliance on opioids for analgesia from acute appendicitis: the ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med. 2019;3(3):248-251. (Case report)
  79. Chin KJ. Thoracic wall blocks: from paravertebral to retrolaminar to serratus to erector spinae and back again - a review of evidence. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol.2019;33(1):67-77. (Review)
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  82. Teunkens A, Van de Velde M, Vermeulen K, et al. Dorsal penile nerve block for circumcision in pediatric patients: a prospective, observer-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial for the comparison of ultrasound-guided vs landmark technique. Paediatr Anaesth. 2018;28(8):703-709. (Prospective randomized controlled trial; 310 patients)
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  84. Flores S, Herring AA. Ultrasound-guided dorsal penile nerve block for ED paraphimosis reduction. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(6):863.e3-e5. (Case report)
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  86. Tsui BCH, Li LXY, Pillay JJ. Compressed air injection technique to standardize block injection pressures. Can J Anaesth. 2006;53(11):1098-1102. (Bench science study)
  87. Herring A. Making your own pressure monitor. Highland EM Ultrasound Fueled Pain Management. Accessed April 1, 2022. (FOAM)
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  89. Gauss A, Tugtekin I, Georgieff M, et al. Incidence of clinically symptomatic pneumothorax in ultrasound-guided infraclavicular and supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anaesthesia. 2014;69(4):327-336. (Prospective observational trial; 6366 blocks)
  90. Neal JM, Mulroy MF, Weinberg GL. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(1):16-18. (Practice guideline) DOI: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31822e0d8a
  91. Oliveira ACG, Neves ILI, Sacilotto L, et al. Is it safe for patients with cardiac channelopathies to undergo routine dental care? experience from a single-center study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(15):e012361. (Randomized controlled trial; 28 patients)
  92. Hsieh VC, Krane EJ, Morgan PG. Mitochondrial disease and anesthesia. J Inborn Errors Metab Screen. 2017;5:2326409817707770. (Review)
  93. Srivastava A, Santagostino E, Dougall A, et al. WFH guidelines for the management of hemophilia, 3rd edition. Haemophilia. 2020;26(S6):1-158. (Review)
  94. Ponde VC, Athani BD. Role of regional anaesthesia in major limb operations in children with cerebral palsy. Indian J Anaesth. 2007;51(3):220. (Case series; 62 patients)
  95. Nolan J, Chalkiadis GA, Low J, et al. Anaesthesia and pain management in cerebral palsy. Anaesthesia. 2000;55(1):32-41. (Review)
  96. Szperka CL, Gelfand AA, Hershey AD. Patterns of use of peripheral nerve blocks and trigger point injections for pediatric headache: results of a survey of the American Headache Society Pediatric and Adolescent Section. Headache. 2016;56(10):1597-1607. (Survey study, review)
  97. Shauly O, Gould DJ, Sahai-Srivastava S, et al. Greater occipital nerve block for the treatment of chronic migraine headaches: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;144(4):943-952. (Systematic review, meta-analysis; 9 studies)
  98. Patel D, Yadav K, Taljaard M, et al. Effectiveness of peripheral nerve blocks for the treatment of primary headache disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2022;79(3):251-261. (Systematic review, meta-analysis; 9 studies)
  99. Blumenfeld A, Ashkenazi A, Napchan U, et al. Expert consensus recommendations for the performance of peripheral nerve blocks for headaches--a narrative review. Headache. 2013;53(3):437-446. (Expert consensus recommendations and review)
  100. Dubrovsky AS. Nerve blocks in pediatric and adolescent headache disorders. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2017;21(12):50. (Review)
  101. Troy E, Yonker M. ED and inpatient management of headache in children and adolescents. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020;20(6):15. (Review)
  102. Dubrovsky AS, Friedman D, Kocilowicz H. Pediatric post-traumatic headaches and peripheral nerve blocks of the scalp: a case series and patient satisfaction survey. Headache. 2014;54(5):878-887. (Retrospective; 28 patients, 62 blocks)
  103. Kim E, Cucchiaro G. Occipital nerve blocks for relief of headaches in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: a case series. J Child Neurol. 2019;34(11):674-678. (Case series; 7 patients)
  104. Gelfand AA, Reider AC, Goadsby PJ. Outcomes of greater occipital nerve injections in pediatric patients with chronic primary headache disorders. Pediatr Neurol. 2014;50(2):135-139. (Retrospective; 46 patients)
  105. Afridi SK, Shields KG, Bhola R, et al. Greater occipital nerve injection in primary headache syndromes--prolonged effects from a single injection. Pain. 2006;122(1-2):126-129. (Retrospective; 54 patients)
  106. Palamar D. Ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerveblock: an efficient technique in chronic refractory migraine without aura? Pain Physician. 2015;18:153-162. (Randomized controlled trial; 32 patients)
  107. Naja Z, Al-Tannir M, El-Rajab M, et al. Nerve stimulator-guided occipital nerve blockade for postdural puncture headache. Pain Pract. 2009;9(1):51-58. (Randomized controlled trial; 50 patients)
  108. Pingree MJ, Sole JS, TG O'Brien, et al. Clinical efficacy of an ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerve block at the level of C2. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2017;42(1):99-104. (Prospective; 14 blocks)
  109. Zipfel J. Ultrasound-guided intermediate site greater occipital nerve infiltration: a technical feasibility study. Pain Physician. 2016;19(7):E1027-E1034. (Retrospective; 12 patients)
  110. Uppal V, Sancheti S, Kalagara H. Transversus abdominis plane (tap) and rectus sheath blocks: a technical description and evidence review. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2019;9(4):479-487. (Review)
  111. Venkatraman R, Ranganathan Jothi A, Sakthivel A, et al. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Local Reg Anesth. 2016;9:7-12. (Randomized controlled trial; 60 patients)
  112. Hernandez MC, Finnesgard EJ, Aho JM, et al. Reduced opioid prescription practices and duration of stay after TAP block for laparoscopic appendectomy. J Gastrointest Surgy.2020;24(2):418-425. (Retrospective; 960 patients, 145 received block)
  113. Hamill JK, Liley A, Hill AG. Rectus sheath block for laparoscopic appendicectomy: a randomized clinical trial: rectus sheath block for appendicectomy. ANZ J Surg.2015;85(12):951-956. (Randomized controlled trial; 130 patients)
  114. Hamill JK, Rahiri J-L, Liley A, et al. Rectus sheath and transversus abdominis plane blocks in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Pediatr Anesth. 2016;26(4):363-371. (Systematic review, meta-analysis)
  115. De Cassai A, Bonvicini D, Correale C, et al. Erector spinae plane block: a systematic qualitative review. Minerva Anestesiola. 2019;85(3):308-319. (Systematic review)
  116. Mantuani D, Josh Luftig PA, Herring A, et al. Successful emergency pain control for acute pancreatitis with ultrasound guided erector spinae plane blocks. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(6):1298.e1295-1298.e1297. (Case report)
  117. Herring AA. Bringing ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia to emergency medicine. AEM Educ Train. 2017;1(2):165-168. (Commentary)
  118. Sparks S, Evans D, Byars D. A low cost, high fidelity nerve block model. Crit Ultrasound J.2014;6(1):12. (Phantom description)
  119. Naraghi L, Lin J, Odashima K, et al. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia simulation: use of meat glue in inexpensive and realistic nerve block models. BMC Med Educ.2019;19(1):145. (Phantom description)

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